Wiseman's View 25Apr13

Last night's full moon rising above Table Rock Mountain was photographed.  In addition, distant city lights and other landmarks in the Catawba River Valley east of Brown Mountain were also photographed.

Full Moon Rising over Table Rock Mountain

Sunset was 8:04 pm

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/3.5, 1/30 second, ISO-400

 

Full Moon and City Lights from Wiseman's View

Brown Mountain is the flat-topped mountain in the middle of the image.  The dark foreground ridge is the east rim of Linville Gorge with the north slope of Table Rock Mtn to the right and the south slope of Hawksbill Mtn to the left.  City lights of Lenoir and the surrounding area are visible between Brown Mountain and the distant horizon.

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/3.5, 1/30 second, ISO-400

 

 

Landmarks Visible Looking East from Wiseman's View

The Google Data Center south of Lenoir (21 miles away) can be seen

just above the second "a" in the word Data.

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/18, 1/200 second, ISO-400

 

Landmarks Visible Looking East from Wiseman's View

The Google Data Center (21 miles away) and numerous other buildings

in the Lenoir/Gamewell/Hudson area are visible is this late afternoon image.

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/14, 1/200 second, ISO-400

 

Landmarks Visible Looking East from Wiseman's View

The Google Data Center (21 miles away), numerous other buildings, and

Hibriten Mtn (24 miles away) are visible in the Lenoir area in this late afternoon image.

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/8, 1/400 second, ISO-250

Telephoto Photography 17Apr13

Between rain showers this morning, I was able to get some spectacular photos from the location of our BMLCam1 on Jonas Ridge, NC.  Both natural and manmade landmarks are readily identifiable.

View looking east showing Brown, Adams, & Hibriten Mountains

Brown Mountain (7 mi away) is the long flat topped ridge in the middle of the image, Adams Mountain (8.8 mi away) is the small domal shaped peak just to the left of Brown Mountain, & Hibriten Mountain (22.5 mi away) is the domal shaped peak on the skyline almost directly above & beyond Adams.  Ripskin Ridge is the dark tree-covered ridge in the foreground.  NC Highway 181, including the Brown Mountain Overlook (seen just to the left of center of the image, 2.1 mi away), follows the backbone of Ripskin Ridge.

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/10, 1/250 second, ISO-100

 

Telephoto view of Brown, Adams, & Hibriten Mountains

The left sloping north end of Brown Mountain (7 mi away) is visible in the center of the image, with Adams Mountain (8.8 mi away) immediately behind & to the left of Brown Mountain.  Barely-visible communication towers atop Hibriten Mountain (22.5 mi away) are visible in the distance.  The flat tree covered Little Chestnut Ridge with Forest Service Road 4099 can be seen in the foreground.

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/13, 1/800 second, ISO-800

 

View looking east with Brown, Adams, & Hibriten Mountains

A tractor-trailer truck can be seen parked at the Brown Mountain Overlook on NC Highway 181 (2.1 mi away) in the lower left corner of the image.

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/7.1, 1/250 second, ISO-100

 

Communication towers atop Hibriten Mountain (22.5 mi away)

The tall tower on the left is lighted with a flashing white light both day & night.  Compare with night time images previously posted on this blog.

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera mounted on MEADE EXT-125EC 5" Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescope, f/15, 1/60 second, ISO-250

 

Communication towers atop High Peak (22 mi away)

The tall tower on the left is lighted with a flashing white light both day & night. Compare with night time images previously posted on this blog.

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera mounted on MEADE EXT-125EC 5" Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescope, f/15, 1/60 second, ISO-200

 

Municipal Water Tower in the Valdese-Drexel area (~22 mi away)

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera mounted on MEADE EXT-125EC 5" Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescope, f/15, 1/60 second, ISO-400

 

Brown Mountain Overlook on NC Highway 181 (2.1 mi away)

A passengar car, 3 display signs,  & a trash can are visible in the center of the image, while the guard rail along Highway 181 can be seen stretching completely across the image.

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera mounted on MEADE EXT-125EC 5" Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescope, f/15, 1/60 second, ISO-640

 

 

Today's photographs clearly show easily identifiable mountain peaks, communication towers, a water tower and the Brown Mountain Overlook on NC Highway 181.  These telephoto- and telescope-assisted images taken from the site of our BMLCam1 on Jonas Ridge conclusivelly demonstrate the sources of some of the man-made lights visible at night from this observation site.  Comparing these images with some of the night time images previously poseted on this blog shows a clear connection.

March 23, 2013 Observation

On Saturday evening, March 23, 2013, Charles Braswell & I met Mike Fischesser and about 15 of his TASSC kids for an hour of observations from the back deck of a Kistler Highway (NC 105) house, which looks up Linville Gorge from near the mouth of the gorge (see attached image).  The Kistler Highway house has been chosen as the location for our next full-time BML Camera (BMLCam2)---to be installed soon.

Linville Gorge from Kistler Highway (NC 105) Home Site

Looking North with prominent Shortoff Mtn on the right

Canon EOS REBEL T3i Digital SLR Camera, 18 mm, f/3.5, 1/5 sec

March 23, 2013  8:05 pm

Binoculars, spot lights, a Canon REBEL EOS digital camera and a tripod-mounted Canon VIXIA HFG20 nighttime digital video camera were employed.  During the observation, a single white light was periodically seen slowly moving upward on Shortoff Mtn, eventually stopping near the top, and moments later was joined by an orange light, which was then observed at the same location until we ended our observation about 45 minutes later.  We interpret the white light to be that of a solo hiker ascending the Mountain-To-Sea Trail on the south flank of the mountain to the popular backcountry campsite on the summit, at which point the hiker started a campfire (the orange light).  These were the only lights we saw in or near Linville Gorge last night.  The weather was high cloud cover and fair with only a gentle wind.  Smoke from the Kistler Highway house 
fireplace/woodstove occasionally drifted between us & the gorge, providing some strong, well-developed light beams from our handheld spotlights (coon-hunting type spot lights).  At times the beams appeared to streak nearly all the way to Shortoff Mtn from the house.  The video will be made available later.

Additional nighttime video observation is also planned from the Kistler Highway house---we expect some great photography from this excellent observation site.  We hope to also conduct our own staged light tests on the Mountain-To-Sea Trail, as well as the Wolf Pit Trail, to the summit of Shortoff Mtn---also Pinnacle, Hawksbill, & Gingercake Mtns, as well as overlooks along the Kistler Highway.

Meeting of Brown Mountain Lights Research Team

Our Brown Mountain Lights Research Team held a mini-symposium meeting Friday night, March 22 at the home of Cato and Susan Holler. The gathering provided the opportunity to review our progress for the past year as well as our plans for the future. Guest speaker Matt Elliott entertained with his light encounters in Linville Gorge. Everyone left with a better appreciation of the teams efforts and progress to date. We all feel that if our next 12 months are as full of discovery as the past 12 months have been, we may actually crack this nut!

BML Cam1 Video Feb 11-12, 2013

The first video from our Brown Mountain Lights Camera # 1 has just been posted on YouTube by Dr. Dan Caton, Professor and Director of Observatories, at Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.

Car lights, airplane lights, commucation tower lights, and city lights are visible!

BML Cam1 Feb 11-12, 2013

Nice video Dan! I saw the same lights in the sequence of stills I put together from the camera last month. The lights moving horizontally below the horizon are vehicle lights on NC Highway 181 along Ripskin Ridge. The moving lights above the horizon are airplanes (yes there are two lighted airports just on the other side of Brown Mountain). Finally, stationary, but repeatedly blinking lights, are communication tower lights in the valleys beyond Brown Mountain. All others are city lights.

Mystery Lights, Cars, Railroads & Electricity

Mystery Lights and The Arrival of Cars, Railroads and Electricity

in Catawba Valley, NC

 The remarkable timing between the first documented reports of mystery lights seen over the top of Brown Mountain and the first arrival of cars, railroads and electricity in Catawba Valley to the south and east has been mentioned in several BML publications (Mansfield, 1922; Brown, 1964; Phifer, 1982; Dunning, 2010).  The first documented reports of mystery lights come from Lafayette Wiseman c1854 (Parris, 1971 and 1972), Stokes Pendland c1882 (Babington, 1927), and the numerous sightings from Cold Springs from c1897 until c1917 (Charlotte Daily Observer, 1913; Scott, 1915; Wilson, 1915; Loven, 1916; Elam, 1916).  It is specifically these early sightings from Cold Springs that gave rise to the ‘Legend of the Brown Mountain Lights.’

Compare the timing of these sightings to the fact that the first railroad in western North Carolina was constructed in 1858 along the Catawba River from Salisbury to 4 miles east of Morganton; the first electric lights in the area appeared in 1888 when Hickory Tavern (later Hickory) became one of the first communities in North Carolina to acquire electricity; and the first automobiles arrived in North Carolina about 1898.  Henry Ford's Model T, the first mass produced automobile in the US, was produced from 1908 until 1927, during which time 15 million were sold.  The timing between these two phenomena (first sightings of mystery lights and the first arrival of cars, railroads and electricity) seems more than coincidental and instead strongly suggests the two are directly related.  Note that most mystery lights, specifically those seen from Cold Springs (that started the BML legend in the first place), were reported approximately 10-30 years after the arrival of electric lights in Hickory, which is directly east of Brown Mountain!  Over the next 100 years, as the human population and the use of electric lights expanded explosively, the reports of mystery lights also greatly increased; again strongly suggesting a direct link between the two.

No Mention of BMLs in 19th Century Travelogues

A review of five significant mid-Nineteenth Century travelogues of the area reveals no mention of the BMLs; adding further support to our earlier conclusions that the BMLs were not seen before about 1900.  Although thinly populated during the 1800s, the mountainous areas west and north of Brown Mountain were visited by some highly observant scientists and nature enthusiasts who left written documents of their travels.  Of particular interest to these adventurers were the rocky summits of Table Rock, Hawksbill, The Chimneys, Gingercake, and Grandfather Mountains----all later to become favored observation spots for viewing the BMLs.  In addition, Linville Gorge and Linville Falls received a lot of attention, as did local legends and unexpalined phenomenon.  The following publications were written by prominent men who traveled and visited these areas in the mid-19th century.

Lanman, C, 1849; Letters from the Allegheny Mountains; Geo. P. Putnam, New York.
Colton, H., 1859; Mountain Scenery: The Scenery of the Mountain of Western North Carolina and
                             Northwestern South Carolina; W.L. Pomeroy,Hayes and Zell, Philadelphia.
Lanman, C., 1865; Adventures in the Wilds of the United States and British American         
                              Provinces; John W. Moore, Philadelphia.
Hall, E.H., 1866; Appleton's hand-book of American Travel.  The southern tour; being a guide
                             through Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia and    
                             Kentucky; D. Appleton & Co., New York.
Zeigler, W. and Grosscup, B., 1883; The Heart of the Alleghanies or Western North Carolina; Alfred
                             Williams and Co, Raleigh, NC

Each of these adventurers solicited the help of highly experienced local guides to accompany them, yet not a single one of their very detailed travelogues mentions the BMLs---apparently the local guides weren't aware of BMLs at the time.  The first written reference to the Brown Mountain Lights we've been able to find is the 1913 newspaper article in the Charlotte Observer, which mentioned sightings as early as c1908.

In his 1859 travelogue, H. Colton mentions visiting The Chimneys on the east rim of Linville Gorge and witnessing the late afternoon reflection of the sun off of the glass windows of the houses of Morganton.  Colton writes: 

"The eye has a full, open scope from the Grandfather Mountain entirely around the Roan, and even beyond that.  The valley of the Catawba is open to the view from its origin to its end, the whole of Turkey and North Coves, with their rich fields of waving corn.  In the dim, dark distance, a lone mountain rises to view, which, from its location, we suppose to be the Pilot.  Just as the sun fades beneath the horizon, it casts forth a clear, red light, and you see flashing in its blaze the windows of the houses of Morganton: from the same source, a golden tinge is thrown upon every leaf, and everything is mellowed into soft loveliness in the accomplishment of nature's most splendid creation."

Colton's 1859 report of seeing the sun reflected by the windows of the houses of Morganton while observing at sunset is the earliest published account we have of Catawba Valley civilization being visible from the higher mountains to the northwest.  Colton's guide, David Franklin must have known about this sunset phenomena, and surely would have mentioned to Colton if the lights continued to be visible after darkness----so apparently they were not visible after dark---or if lights in the same spots were visible after dark, both Colton & Franklin understood them to be man-made lights, such as gas lanterns, torches &/or fires, and not mystery spook lights.  Anyone who would interpret Colton's observations as early sightings of the BMLs, would have trouble explaining the lack of mention of nighttime sightings.

First Known Picture of BMLs---1929

E.M. Ball Image N1503, Glass Plate, 1929
Four Hour Exposure with Moon Trail
Brown Mountain Lights from Wiseman's View

From the E.M. Ball Collection (1918-1969), D.H. Ramsey Library, Special Collections,

University of North Carolina at Asheville 28804

http://toto.lib.unca.edu/findingaids/photo/ball/ball.htm

 

This historic image is the first known photograph of the BMLs.  It was taken in 1929 by E.M. Ball, a professional photogagher from Asheville, NC.  It is not known if the image was ever published---it is now housed at the D.H. Ramsey Library at UNC-Asheville.  The title accompaning the photograph identifies it as: 'Brown Mountain light, from Wiseman's View near Linville Falls'---and this is the only photograph of the 9,116 in the Ball Collection that is labled as the BMLs; although image N1347, labeled 'Brown Mountain, from Wiseman's View', appears to be a daytime exposure with no visible lights.

 

Although not published at the time, photograph N1503 was the subject of a newspaper article by J.S. Coleman, Jr. in the August 25, 1929 issue of The Asheville Times (Asheville, NC).  In his article, entitled "Strange Light Continues To Mystify" Coleman describes the photograph:

 

"Within the last two weeks, however, the lights have been photographed for the first time in history.  The difficult work was done by E.M. Ball, of the Plateau studio, Asheville, and the result was highly satisfactory, even though the picture failed utterly to explain the phenomenon.

 

Mr. Ball took his pictures from a point not far distant from Marion.  He exposed a very sensitive color plate one night over a period of four hours.  During that time, the moon, sliding across the sky, left a bright streak on his plate, but the mysterious Brown Mountain lights had been caught in the meantime.

 

One thing established by the photograph is the fact that the light appears at several parallel points along a line near the summit of Brown Mountain.  Each of the points seems to be a small disk of light, though the impression given an observer is that of a blaze."

 

The mystery lights described by Coleman and faintly visible in the image above, are highly suggestive of city or town lights such as those seen today from the same observation point.  Compare with my photographs 2104, 2184, & 2188 (1Dec12) in my January 26, 2013 blog post City Lights visible from Wiseman's View.

 

In Ball's 1929 photograph, only the southern 2/3rds of Brown Mountain is visible as the gently sloping flat-topped ridge in the middle of the image.  The lights appear to be coming from the Catawba Valley to the south and east of Brown Mountain.

 



City Lights visible from Wiseman's View

Photography from the popular Wiseman's View observation site on December 1, 2012 clearly shows some city lights of Lenoir, NC.

Brown Mountain is the distant flat-top mountain in the center of the image
The prominent ridge in the foreground is the east rim of Linville Gorge with Hawskbill Mtn to the left edge of the image and Table Rock Mtn to the right edge of the image
Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/9, 1/200 second, ISO-100

 

City lights of Lenoir, NC
The single white light above the ridgeline in the center of the image is a lighted tower atop Hibriten Mtn
The adjacent orange light is Lenoir's Christmas Star which is only lighted during the holidays each year
The dark profile of Brown Mountain comprises the foreground of the image
Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/98 3 second, ISO-800

 

City lights of Lenoir, NC
A wide-angle view of Lenoir
 The lighted tower & Christmas Star atop Hibriten Mtn are visible
The Google Data Center is the row of orange lights near the right edge of the image
The dark profile of Brown Mountain comprises the foreground of the image
Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/6.3, 3 second, ISO-100

 

Google Data Center, Lenoir, NC
 This is the same building visible in the daytime from our Jonas Ridge BML Cam1 site
Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/0, 10 second, ISO-800

Wiseman's View, named for the spot where Fate Wiseman first saw the Brown Mountain Lights (BMLs), lies on the western rim of Linville Gorge and may have been the site of the very first BML sightings.  As an old man, Fate Wiseman told his nephew, Scotty Wiseman, about seeing mysterious lights atop Brown Mountain when he (Fate Wiseman) was a very young man----this would have been about 1854, +- 10 years .  Although not proven, this is the earliest 'verifiable' report of the BMLs.   The sightings of mysterious lights seen over the top of Brown Mountain from Loven's Hotel at Cold Springs, NC weren't reported until the late 1890s and early 1900s.  It was the sightings from Cold Springs, popularized by newspaper articles, that first ignited the public's imagination and initiated the legend of the BMLs.

 

Since Fate Wiseman's sightings, tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of others have reported seeing similar lights from his observation spot. 

 

Note that although a vast expanse of Linville Gorge is clearly visible from Wiseman's View, no one at the time, including Fate Wiseman, reported seeing mysterious lights down in the gorge itself.  However, since about the 1950s, mystery lights down in Linville Gorge have been reportedly seen from Wiseman's View and elsewhere along the rim of the gorge.  These lights, called the Linville Gorge Lights (LGLs), are not the same thing as the BMLs; and the two should not be confused with each other.  The lights that gave rise to the legends of the BMLs were seen over the top of Brown Mountain when viewed from distant observation sites, like Wiseman's View and Cold Springs, that are located in the higher mountains west and north of Brown Mountain.  The sightings of mystery lights in Linville Gorge itself are a more-recent phenomenon and undoubtablely have a different source than the BMLs.

Views From Brown Mountain

These three images were taken from rock clifts near the top of the north end of Brown Mountain on January 5, 2013.  The first two views look northwest and west toward the popular viewing sites on NC Highway 181, Jonas Ridge & Wiseman's View.  Our BML Cam1 is located on Jonas Ridge.  The third image looks northeast toward Grandfather Mountain.

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/7.1, 1/400 sec, ISO-100, 50 mm; 3:09 pm

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/8, 1/640 sec, ISO-100, 50 mm

Canon EOS REBEL T3i DSLR camera, f/7.1, 1/400 sec, ISO-100

Due to the dense forest covering Brown Mountain, there are very few places with open views.  No open views to the south toward the Catawba River Valley or east toward the Yadkin River Valley are present.  Thus city lights in these valleys are not visible from Brown Mountain; which may explain the lack of distant BML sightings reported from the mountain itself---a preplexing fact mentioned in many published BML documents.  However, a small number of individuals have reported close encounters with unexplained nighttime lights while visiting the mountain; some of these reports are currently being investigated by our BML research team.  These upclose lights are reported to be too small and too faint to be visible from more than a few hundred feet away.

BML Time Line Updated

Updated 06Mar13.  The following time line of critical events in the history of the BMLs is based on our review of more than 180 published & unpublished documents.

BML Time Line

Dates of Significant Events in the History of the Brown Mountain Lights

1765   Lenoir, NC (Catawba Valley) first settled---Incorporated in 1841
1777   Morganton, NC (Catawba Valley) first settled---Incorporated in 1784
1850   Hickory, NC (Catawba Valley) first settled---Incorporated in 1860
1854   Lafayette Wiseman camped at Wiseman’s View & reportedly saw Mystery Lights
1858   First Railroad constructed in Catawba Valley---WNC RR, 84 mi from Salisbury to near Morganton
1870   First train arrived in Marion, NC---WNC RR; 1873 Old Fort, NC; 1880 Asheville, NC
1882   Mystery Lights reportedly seen by J. Stokes Penland of Linville Falls, NC
1888   Electricity first available to Hickory, NC residents; Electric Street Lights installed 1889
1889   Statesville, NC gets Electricity for first time
1897   Mystery Light reportedly seen by Joseph Loven of Cold Springs, NC
1898   Automobiles first appeared in NC; First mass produced car in US was Ford Model T (1908-1927)
1908-9 Mystery Lights reportedly seen by B.S. Gaither of Morganton, NC
1910   Rev. C.E. Gregory built cottage near Cold Springs, NC & reportedly saw Mystery Lights
1911   Mystery Lights reportedly seen by numerous members of the Morganton Fishing Club
1913   September---First written account----Light rises in Catawba Valley over top of Brown Mountain
1913   October---USGS Geologist D.B. Sterrett visit----Locomotive headlight
1915   Dr. C.L. Wilson saw lights of Joy, Lenoir, Connelly Springs, & Rutherford College from Cold Springs
1916   April---H.C. Martin’s camping parties see lights from Adams Mtn & Brown Mountain---Fireflies?
1916   July---Historic Flood, Catawba River reached +25’ above flood level
1916   Joseph Loven and Lafayette Wiseman reportedly saw Mystery Lights after the flood
1917   C.H. Hite publishes First Story of Ghosts (Bird Carroll) on Brown Mountain
1917   US Forest Service buys Brown Mountain
1919   US Weather Bureau & Smithsonian Institute issue Brush Lightning statement
1921   National Geographic Society bulletin----Brush Lighting, similar to St Elmo’s fire & Andes Light
1922   USGS Geologist G.R. Mansfield research----90% reflected electric lights and 10% brush fires
1927   R.K. Babington publishes First Reference to de Brahm’s 1771 Document of Nitrous Vapors
1928  J.B. Derieux & A.A. Dixon, NC State College---binocular & transit study---Hudson Town Lights
1929   E.M. Bell---first BML photo---4 hr Exposure, Moon Streak & lights above crest of Brown Mountain
1932   F.D. Ruggles reported 100s of lights like city street lights---concluded they were burning gasses
1936  S.M. Dugger publishes First  Legend of a Murdered Wife
1937   Hickory Municipal Airport constructed
1940   H.A. Whitman’s research----transit triangulation---BML photo---reflected city lights
1941   W.J. Humpheries & H. Lyman (US Weather Bureau) report----Andes Light
1941   L. Weir publishes First Legend of Indian Maidens searching for their braves lost in battle
1946   US Highway 70 constructed in Catawba Valley
1948   First published story of Lost Lover Legend
1958   Bob Brown---BML photos---reflected city lights
1959   N. Alexander publishes first report of a Swamp atop Brown Mountain
1961   S. Wiseman publishes first reference to Legend of Faithful Slave Searching for Lost Master
1962   P. Rose---Tower construction---close encounters
1962   S. Rowe & C. Holler, Jr.---Transit survey & site visits---refracted city lights
1965   R. Lael publishes first stories of Aliens---Alien abduction---close encounters
1968   H. Bailey first published reference to UFOs flying over Brown Mountain
1975   Interstate I-40 completed in Catawba Valley
1977   ORION’s 500,000 candlepower light test in Lenoir (22 mi away)---seen at 181 Overlook
1978   First joint Enigma/ORION investigation began
1980   First published sighting of lights in Linville Gorge?---published in 1995
1981   ORION detonated dynamite atop BM---no lights seen at 181 Overlook
1982   First published Legend of Revolutionary War Solider searching for Missing Family
1999   LEMUR---The X-Files segment---aired May 9, 1999
2000   LEMUR--- Brian Irish’s video of suspected BMLs
2002   LEMUR---Travel Channel segment on BMLs---aired March 2002
2003   Dr. Greg Little of Alternate Perceptions Magazine videotaped BMLs
2009   Dean Warsing’s night vision video of suspected BMLs
2012   First and Second Brown Mountain Light Symposium, Burke Co Dept of Tourism
2012   S. Nicholson published First Reference to ghosts of Civil War Soldiers
2012   BMLs Research Team---BML Cam1 setup, staged light tests, telephoto photography, Lit research
2013   BMLs Research Team---BML Cam1, geologic Investigations, lit research, telephoto photography

Campfire Stories---Pseudo-Scientific Explanations

In more recent times, explanations masquerading as scientific are being proposed by misinformed individuals and/or groups, generally with economic ties to furthering the mystique of the BMLs.  Videos of questionable BMLs can be found on the Internet while web pages posting questionable, misleading, undocumented, and even disproven BML explanations abound.  Authors often fail to distinguish between fact and fiction and elaborate extensively on their favorite ghost story---references are conveniently omitted.  In addition, theories such as stresses on geologic faults, earth lights, earth currents, ionized plasmas, luminescent gases, radioactive minerals, and even glimpses of parallel universes are proposed, but with no logical evidence to back them up.
 

unexplained lights

 Of course, a small number of reported BMLs are not easily explained as manmade lights.  Some personal stories, especially those of close encounters, continue to defy this logical explanation.  Investigations of these phenomena are ongoing by the Brown Mountain Light Research Team BMLRT).

December 30, 2012 Observations

Last night's photography from the highway 181 overlook produced some more interesting images of city lights around Brown Mountain.

North Chestnut Mountain Gap

Looking northeast (43^O azimuth) from 181 Overlook toward Blowing Rock only a minute after sunset

A small orange light can be seen on the distant ridgeline just above the trees in the center of the image

The light is the reflection of the fading sun off a glass window at one of the houses on the distant skyline
The low point along the foreground ridge is the gap north of Chestnut Mountain

The Mountain –To-Sea Trail (# 440) and Forest Service Road # 198 pass through this gap

Canon EOS Rebel DSLR with 119 mm lens at f/5.6, 1/125 second exposure & ISO-400

 

Baker’s Mountain, Catawba County, Azimuth 129^O, 31.7 miles away

Buildings and water tanks can be seen in this late afternoon image (33 minutes before sunset)

The tree-covered ridge of Brown Mountain can be seen in the foreground

Canon EOS Rebel DSLR with 420 mm lens, f/14, 1/1000 second exposure & ISO-2000

Baker’s Mountain, Catawba County, Azimuth 129^O, 31.7 miles away

City lights in the surrounding area can be seen in this image taken 18 minutes after sunset

The tree-covered ridge of Brown Mountain can be seen in the foreground

Canon EOS Rebel DSLR with 420 mm lens at f/8, 1/15 second exposure & ISO-1600

Brown Mountain, Catawba Valley and the South Mountains

Buildings and water tanks in Catawba Valley can be seen in this late afternoon image (133^O azimuth)

 Brown Mountain is the tree-covered ridge in the middle of the image

The South Mountains can be seen on the skyline

Canon EOS Rebel DSLR with 420 mm lens at f/14, 1/800 second exposure & ISO-2500

Brown Mountain, Catawba Valley and the South Mountains

Two prominent water tanks in Catawba Valley can be seen in this late afternoon image

 Brown Mountain is the tree-covered ridge in the middle of the image

The South Mountains can be seen on the skyline

Canon EOS Rebel DSLR with 420 mm lens at f/13, 1/800 second exposure & ISO-2000

It was Really, Really Cold Last Night!

Out of focus city lights in Catawba Valley

The single white light above the skyline is a lighted tower atop High Peak in the South Mountains

The cluster of multicolored lights on the skyline at the left side of the image

are the Valdese Houses on Rocky Ridge Road seen in previous images

Canon EOS Rebel DSLR with 420 mm lens, f/8, 3-second exposure & ISO-1600

 

Scientific Explanations---Updated

scientific explanations

 At least fourteen separate scientific, or somewhat scientific, investigations over the past 100 years have near-unanimously concluded that the observed BMLs are manmade electric lights.  Only the 1921 U.S. Weather Bureau (Brush Lighting) and a 1977 Geologist (uranium ore) concluded otherwise---but neither actually visited Brown Mountain.   Although highly unpopular with the local residents, the manmade electric light explanation has withstood the test of time and the repeated review of scientific investigators.  These studies include the following:
 

1913  US Geological Survey D.B. Sterrett---Locomotive Headlights

            c1917 Staged Car Headlights at Lawndale (40 mi SE) seen at Loven’s Hotel at Cold Springs
            1921  Nat’l Geographic Soc & US Weather Bureau---Brush Lighting (St. Elmo’s fire/Andes Lighting)
            1922 US Geological Survey R.G. Mansfield---90% Refracted Manmade Lights & 10% Brush Fires
            1928  NC State College Physics professors---Binoculars & Transit Surveys---Hudson town lights
            1929 E.M. Bell---First BML Photo---City Lights
            1940 H.A. Whitman---Transit Triangulation Survey---BML photo---Refracted City Lights
            1958 B. Brown---BML photos---Refracted City Lights
            1962 S. Rowe & C. Holler, Jr.---Transit Surveys & site visits---Reflected City Lights
            1977  Geologist Francois Schumacher---Uranium ore may the source of the lights
            1977-81 ORION---Staged Lenoir Spotlight & Explosives on BM---Refracted Manmade Lights
            1978 Enigma Project---Refracted Manmade Lights
            2005 Astrophysicist Daniel B. Caton---Camera, Binoculars, Telescope---Refracted City Lights
            2012-13 BML Research Team---BMLCam1; Staged Light Tests; Telephoto Photography

The possibility that the lights seen over the top of Brown Mountain were manmade lights reflected and/or refracted by air layers was first mentioned in H.C. Martin’s 1916 article in the Morganton News Herald.  Martin specifically noted the presence of warm and cold air layers that he thought were due to the recent forest clear-cutting on the mountainous terrains.  He felt that the density variations in these layers caused reflection and refraction of visible manmade lights.  US Geological Survey Geologist G.R. Mansfield expanded on this observation in 1922.  In fact, it is the refraction of the city lights by rising heat waves (mirages) that causes the observed lights to dance, wiggle, wobble, vibrate, change colors, and fade in and out.  Aggravatingly, this minor but very noticeable movement of the lights results in out-of-focus photographic time-exposure images of the lights; thus producing the ‘circular orbs of light’ reported by most observers.

Extended horizontal or vertical movement of the lights, which is often reported by distant observers, is due to the tiring of one’s eye muscles while focusing on individual bright lights in a dark setting.  This lack of movement is easily demonstrated by viewing the suspected light through the viewfinder of a stationary tripod-mounted camera, binoculars, or telescope and was first reported by J.B. Derieux and A.A. Dixon in 1928.  Likewise repeated photography of the lights by tripod-mounted cameras re-set in the same spot hours, days or even weeks later also shows that the lights are stationary and do not change location (Brown Mountain Lights Research Team, 2012).

The report of mystery lights appearing immediately after the July 1916 flood that destroyed the Catawba Valley railroads is often quoted as proof that the lights were not locomotive headlights as previously proposed by U.S. Geological Survey Geologist D.B. Sterrett in 1913.  In his August 29, 1916 letter to the Lenoir News (September 8), G.A. Loven, owner of Loven’s Hotel in Cold Springs states:
 

“The light still appears every night now, for six years since it was first seen.  It shows to be some four or five miles beyond the top of Brown Mountain.

            It was supposed by some that it was a train headlight; the recent floods stopped the trains from running, but it did not stop the
                    light from showing.  We watched close and it showed every night just the same.

It is not confined to one place; it varies sometimes from two to three miles either east or west.  It seems to go up over the treetops from fifty to sixty feet.”

Note that Loven refers to a single light and fails to mention the presence of the numerous city lights which were reported to be visible from his hotel the previous year by Dr. C.L. Wilson (1915).  And based on 1922 interviews with eyewitnesses, U.S. Geological Survey Geologist G.R. Mansfield reported that moving lights seen from Cold Springs immediately after the 1916 flood were automobile headlights on the roadways not washed away by the flood.  Presumably these and other car headlights were also visible before the flood.  If so many lights were visible from Cold Springs both before and after the flood, why did Loven mention only one?  As revealed by other newspaper articles of the time, Loven’s Hotel was experiencing increased visitation due to patrons wishing to see the BMLs; thus Loven may have been simply perpetuating the legend of the lights to enrich his income.   

Reported BML sightings before the era of electric lights are also often mentioned in post-1900 published documents as proof that the BMLs existed before the time of manmade lights.  However, these reports are not based on confirmed facts and no such light sightings have been found in any document actually published before 1900.   

Slowly at first, and then with ever increasing certainty, manmade electric lights were reported to be visible over the top of Brown Mountain.  In 1915, Dr. C.L. Wilson, identified the community lights of Joy, Lenoir, Connelly Springs, and Rutherford College while observing from Loven’s Hotel at Cold Springs.  Oddly enough, no one else of this early-BML era mentioned being able to see city lights over the top of Brown Mountain; instead they apparently interpreted all of the visible lights to be the mysterious BMLs.

 

In the most comprehensive and detailed scientific study ever conducted on the BMLs, Geologist G.R. Mansfield reports (1922):

“In summary it may be said that the Brown Mountain lights are clearly not of unusual nature or origin.  About 47 percent of the lights that the writer was able to study instrumentally were due to automobile headlights, 33 percent to locomotive headlights, 10 percent to stationary lights, and 10 percent to brush fires.”

In his 1923 report, F.J. Haskin wrote: “Somewhere in the broad Catawba valley or beyond was the origin of the light.”  In the same year, the Statesville Landmark reported a light (presumably a town light) visible to the east from Brown Mountain itself and located midway between the towns of Drexel and Lenoir.  In 1928, Professors J.B. Derieaux & A.A. Dixon, using survey equipment, identified the town lights of Hudson in the Catawba Valley visible directly over the top of Brown Mountain.    E.M. Bell’s 1929 ‘first ever’ photograph of BMLs resembles today’s photographs and highly suggests city lights in the valley beyond Brown Mountain.  In 1932, F.D. Ruggles reported seeing hundreds of city street lights along a 35-mile length, but concluded they were burning gases instead.  H.A. Whitman’s 1940 transit triangulation survey concluded that the lights were refracted city lights.  And so it goes right on through all subsequent scientific surveys.

Over time, as the increasingly electrically-lit population (i.e., light pollution) increased in the Catawba and Yadkin Valleys south and east of Brown Mountain, the realization began to set in that the BMLs were simply manmade lights.  In the early days of the BML legends (c1854-c1920), these distant lights were a new and mysterious phenomenon that sparked the imagination of the residents in the mountains to the east and north of Brown Mountain who probably lagged behind the town and city residents in the use and understanding of electric lights.  While today the manmade lights are obvious to most observers, some still mistake them for mystery or spook lights.